作　　者： ;

机构地区： 深圳大学

出　　处： 《孔学堂》 2018年第2期57-65,154-165,共10页

摘　　要： 儒家德性的依据在孝悌当中,代表了"周人的道德"。墨子在一种交往理性基础上来建构道德伦理,其立论的根据乃在于人性自私自爱。道家的德性是把普遍精神的道内化为人的品性,德是道的落实。仁、义、礼、智、信,乃儒家的道德选择;墨家在道德目标及选择上与儒家相同,但包含了利他主义、自我节制、互助互利。道家的道是一种超越的精神,真实、宽容、公平乃道家德性的选择。儒家的道德学说与亚里士多德经验论的道德学说具有较多的相似性,儒家的道德可以作为社会公共道德来使用,却更适宜作为私人的道德来使用;墨家与西方休谟以及亚当·斯密的观点相近,只是其道德实践过于理想化,又缺乏道德生活的体验性。道家的道德与苏格拉底、柏拉图有共通之处,都以寻求道德的超越性与普遍性为目的。这种德性能给予人们一种超越的向度,却难以转化为平常人的德性。 The ancient Chinese doctrines of morality come mainly from Confucianism,Mohism,and Daoism.Confucian virtue is based on filial piety and fraternal duty.Benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom,and faithfulness are the Confucian moral principles.Mozi constructed his virtue ethics on the basis of communicative rationality,which is premised on human selfishness and self-love.Mohism is compatible with Confucianism in its moral purposes and choices,except that it includes altruism,selfrestraint,and mutual help and benefit.Daoist virtue means the internalization of the universal dao into human character,taking virtue as the realization of dao.The dao in Daoism is a kind of transcendent spirit,with authenticity,tolerance,and fairness as its chosen virtues.Confucian doctrines of morality have much in common with those of Aristotle’s empiricism.Confucian morality can serve for public purposes,but is more adequate for private purposes.Mohism is close to David Hume and Adam Smith in its views,except that its moral practice is too idealistic and it lacks experience of moral life.Daoist morality shares certain common ground with Socrates and Plato,since all take the pursuit of moral transcendence and universality as their goal.Such virtues provide a dimension of transcendence but are di cult to transform into the virtue of ordinary people.

关 键 词： 道德 儒家 墨家 道家 经验论 唯理论

领　　域： [哲学宗教—伦理学]