作　　者： (白永飞）; (王扬）;

机构地区： 中国科学院植物研究所、植被与环境变化国家重点实验室,北京100093

出　　处： 《中国科学院院刊》 2017年第8期910-916,共7页

摘　　要： 长期以来,我国在畜牧业生产中过度利用草地的生产功能,忽视其生态功能,造成草地大面积退化,草–畜关系失衡,传统草原畜牧业难以为继,亟须探索适宜于牧区特点的生态保护与草牧业发展新模式,依靠科技创新推动草牧业发展。中科院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站(以下简称"内蒙古站")自建站以来,立足于我国温带草原,长期开展草原生态系统水、土、气、生等要素监测,草原生态学基础研究,以及退化草地恢复、人工草地建设和生态系统管理等方面的应用研究,并通过示范推广为内蒙古草原的保护和可持续利用提供科技支撑。基于长期监测、养分添加和放牧控制试验,揭示了内蒙古草原生物多样性和生态系统稳定性的维持机制,主要发现:(1)不同物种和功能群之间的补偿效应是生态系统稳定性维持的重要机制;(2)物种和群落水平的化学计量内稳性是生态系统稳定性维持的基础,由化学计量内稳性高的物种占优势的群落,具有更高的生产力和稳定性;(3)混合利用方式(放牧和打草轮换)有利于多样性、生产力和生态系统稳定性的维持。基于以上基础研究和长期试验示范,内蒙古草原站研发了多年生混播人工草地的草种配置及高效人工草地建植技术体系。该体系提高了多年生人工草地的生产力和稳定性,延长了人工草地的利用年限,提高了牧草品质。为了进一步探索适宜于牧区特点的生态保护与草业发展新模式,内蒙古站提出了草地生产功能与生态功能合理配置技术体系。该体系通过建设高效人工草地和基本草牧场,解决饲草的生产问题,同时通过退化草地恢复和天然草地合理利用,提升草地的生态功能。这些研究成果不仅使我国的草地生态学研究达到国际先进水平,也使得内蒙古站成为草原科技成果转化的基地和开展国内外合作研究的重要平台。 The grassland ecosystems in China have experienced widespread deterioration in functioning and services during the last few decades, caused primarily by overusing the production functions of grasslands at the cost of their ecological functions. Therefore, it is urgently needed to develop a new paradigm for ecological restoration and sustainable grassland husbandry based on basic research and demonstrations in grassland science. Since the establishment in 1979, the research at Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research Station（IMGERS） of Chinese Academy of Sciences focuses on long-term monitoring of key biotic and abiotic factors driving ecosystem processes in temperate grasslands; researches on structure and functions of grasslands, biodiversity-ecosystem stability relationship, and responses and feedbacks of grassland ecosystems to global climate changes; development of practical techniques for restoration of degraded grasslands, establishment of cultivated pastures, and sustainable management of natural grasslands. The main findings include：（1） compensatory interactions among major components at both species and functional group levels are important mechanisms contributing to ecosystem stability;（2） stoichiometric homoeostasis at both species and community levels is an important process maintaining ecosystem stability, indicating that communities dominated by homoeostatic species tend to have high productivity and high stability;（3） mixed management systems（grazing and haymaking rotate annually） can mitigate grazing-induced biodiversity loss, promote the primary productivity and stability, and thereby provide an important contribution to sustainable land-use of grasslands. Based on the findings from basic research and demonstrations, IMGERS developed a series of effective techniques for forage species disposition and establishment of perennial mixed sowing pastures, which increased productivity and stability, extended productive life, and improved forage quality of the cultivated pastures

关 键 词： 补偿效应 化学计量内稳性 人工草地 物种配置 草地管理