作　　者： (张伟特）;

机构地区： 海德堡大学

出　　处： 《清华西方哲学研究》 2015年第1期432-484,共53页

摘　　要： 笛卡尔《第一哲学沉思集》中的《第三沉思》的形而上怀疑可以概括为这样一幅图景:我(即笛卡尔的沉思者)是可能如此不完美的,以至于创造我的作者(一个全能的欺骗者)甚至在我认为(I think)我清楚分明感知到的简单命题上欺骗我。本文通过解释这个形而上怀疑如何相关于那些清楚分明感知的简单命题或公理而澄清它的真正怀疑对象或外延。我的分析表明笛卡尔式的公理/简单命题没有真正的所谓的回忆起的清楚分明感知,而只有当下的清楚分明感知。在此基础上,我对《第三沉思》形而上怀疑的怀疑对象的四种解释的进行系统分析:解释[i]主张怀疑对象是每个被回忆起的清楚分明感知的公理;解释[ii]主张怀疑对象是每个当下清楚分明感知的公理;解释[iii]主张怀疑对象是每个当下的以及被回忆起的清楚分明感知的公理;解释[iv]主张怀疑的间接对象是每个当下的或/和被回忆起的清楚分明感知的公理,其直接对象是某种一般性的东西,这个东西可以把单个清楚分明感知的公理归入其名下且它的否定与单个公理相矛盾。我为解释[ii]辩护,论证解释[i]是不可能的,解释[iii]不得不最终坍塌为解释[ii],而解释[iv]虽然在哲学上是可能的,但却被笛卡尔的文本所反对。所以解释[ii]是唯一可接受和可信的对《第三沉思》形而上怀疑的外延的解释。 Descartes’ metaphysical doubt in the Third Meditation(MD3,for short) presents such a scenario:it is possible that I[the Meditator]am so imperfect as to be deceived by my creator(i.e.,an omnipotent God/Deceiver) even in these simple matters which I think I perceive clearly and distinctly or the simple matters which seem to me clear and distinct.This paper clarifies the exact extension of MD3 by explaining how it is related to those simple/axiomatic beliefs or ideas based on clear and distinct perceptions.I argue that each axioms/axiomatic belief has no recollected clear and distinct perception in strict sense,but only a current clear and distinct perception.Then,I systematically analyze four interpretations of the extension of MD3:[i]the objects of MD3 are axiomatic beliefs based on recollected clear and distinct perceptions;[ii]its objects are axiomatic beliefs based on present clear and distinct perceptions;[iii]its objects are axiomatic beliefs based on both present and recollected clear and distinct perceptions;[iv]the direct object of MD3 is something general under which a particular axiomatic belief can fall and the denial of which is incompatible with the particular belief,but its indirect objects are axiomatic beliefs based on present or/and recollected clear and distinct perceptions.I defend the interpretation[ii]and argue that the interpretation[i]is impossible,that the interpretation[iii]has to collapse into[ii],and that the interpretation[iv]is to a great extent philosophically possible,but not textually supported by Descartes.Therefore,[ii]is the only acceptable and credible interpretation.

关 键 词： 笛卡尔 形而上怀疑 第一哲学沉思集 外延 上帝 清楚分明的感知 记忆 公理