导　　师： 陈忠林

学科专业： 030104

授予学位： 硕士

作　　者： ;

机构地区： 西南政法大学

摘　　要： 摘要:正当防卫是指为了制止正在进行的不法侵害而对不法侵害人实施的没有明显超过必要限度造成重大损害的行为。 关于正当防卫的根据,理论上有不同的学说,主要有:权利说/(包括自然权利说、法律权利说以及自然权利与法律权利相结合说/)、认为正当防卫行为不罚的学说/(包括“以恶制恶说”、“道德抑制说”、“权利义务说”、“不法的无效说”/)、德国刑法理论认为“个人的保全”和“法的确证”的原理是正当防卫的正当化根据、在日本,则存在法的自己保全说、自己保存说、社会相当性说、法确证的利益说、法益性的阙如、缩小说、优越的利益说的争论。另外,还有一种观点认为正当防卫的根据有三个层次,分别是哲学根据是权利与权力的统一;法学根据是惩罚与预防的结合;道德基础是秩序与正义的统一。本文在系统介绍并评述上述观点的基础上认为,正当防卫的根据在于正当防卫行为的正当性以及紧迫防卫的必要性。 正当防卫的正当性是指正当防卫的防卫人基于对不法侵害的认识,为了制止不法侵害而实施的损害不法侵害人利益的适当行为,内容主要包括:目的的正当性、手段的正当性、对象选择的正当性。对于这一根据,本文从正当性是人性的需要、是人的逐利性和社会所能提供的利益的有限性协调的结果;是人们满足自身需要方式的要求;是维护社会基本价值共识的需要;是“常情”的体现和要求;是秩序的要求的反映等方面论证。 紧迫防卫的必要性是指行为人面临紧迫的不法侵害,具有防卫的必要。其内容主要涉及侵害的不法性、侵害的现实性以及法益受到现实的威胁性这三方面。关于这一根据,本文从宪法根据/(将紧迫防卫的必要性作为正当防卫的根据与宪法关于“国家尊重和保障人权”的规定相协调/)、刑法根据/(将紧迫防卫的必要性作为正当防卫的根据与制定的刑法的价值根据——“惩罚犯罪,保护人民”相适应、与平等适用刑法原则的要求相协调、与罪刑相适应原则的相协调、符合刑法关于正当防卫制度的规定、与刑法关于犯罪未遂的规定相协调/)以及刑事诉讼法依据/(将紧迫防卫的必要性作为正当防卫的根据与我国刑事诉讼法关于公民扭送犯罪分子的规定相协调/)等方面来论证。 以正当防卫的根据为指导,本文重新界定正当防卫的条件,即起因条件是紧迫的不法侵害的存在;时间条件是不应该以不法侵害的着手、结束为正当防卫的时间条件,只要存在不法侵害的紧迫性,就存在紧迫防卫的必要性,就存在正当防卫的时间条件;对象条件是不法侵害人及其利益;主观条件是正当防卫的防卫人认识到了不法侵害的紧迫性、自己的行为是在制止不法侵害并且未超过制止不法侵害的限度;限度条件是坚持防卫的必要性和相当性原则,即防卫行为是制止不法侵害所必需的,但是不得为了极为轻微的利益对不法侵害人予以重大损害。 Justifiable defense is behavior aiming in stopping the ongoing illegal violations of the right of persons within the scope of not causeing significant harm . With regard to the basis of justifiable defense, there are different theories:the theory of the right /(including the theory of the natural right, the theory of the legal right as well as the combination of natural rights with legal rights/), the theory of the unpunishable act /(including the theory of "evil against evil", the theory of "moral restraint ", the theory of "rights and duties", the theory of " illegally invalid "/), the German criminal law theory think that the principle of "preservation of the individual" and "Law conclusive evidence " is a legitimate basis of justifiable defense, in Japan, there is the controversy of theory of preservation of law , the theory of preservation of man , the theory of corresponding of society, the theory of interests confirmed by law, the theory of legal interests of non-existent, narrowing, the theory of superior interests. In addition, there is a view that there are three levels with the basis of justificable defense, namely, the basis of philosophy is the unity of the right and the power; the basis of law is a combination of punishment and prevention; and the basis of morality is the unity of order and justice. This paper is based on introducing and reviewing the above-mentioned point systemly and thinks the basis of justificable defense resting on the legitimacy of justifiable defense, as well as the need for urgent defense. The legitimacy of justifiable defense is a proper conduct that the defense of justificable defense based on knowledge of unlawful infringement implements in order to curb the being damaged.The content includes the legitimacy of the purpose ,the legitimacy of the means and the legitimacy of objects choosed. For this basis this paper is argumented from follows: the legitimacy is the need of humanity;the legitimacy is the coodination of man's chasing of interests and social benefits available from the nature; is requirements of the way that human meet their own needs; is needs of consensus on maintainning social basic value; is the embodiments and requirements of "common feeling "; is a reflection of the requirements of the order ,and so on. The necessity of urgent defense is the perpetrator have the defense necessary when they face urgent violated. The content of it is mainly related to these three aspects of the illegal nature of abuse, the reality of abuse as well as real threat of legal interests. On this basis this paper is argumented from follows: the basis of the Constitution /(the necessity of urgent defense as the baisis of justifiable defense in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution on "the state respects and safeguards human rights"/), the basis of Criminal Law /(the necessity of urgent defense as the baisis of justifiable defense in according to the value basis of the criminal law - "punishing crime,to protect the people ", in according to the requirements of the principle of equal application of criminal law and consistent with the principles of penalty corresponding to crime ,in line with the provisions of the Criminal Law on justificable defense, and intercoordinated with the provisions of criminal attempt/) and the basis of the Code of Criminal Procedure /(the necessity of urgent defense as the baisis of justifiable defense in accordance with the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure on citizens seized and turned over criminals/), etc. To justifiable defense is based on the guidance, this paper re-defines the conditions for justifiable defense,namely that the cause on condition is pressing the existence of unlawful infringement; time on condition is that as long as there is the urgency of illegal infringement, there is an urgent need for justifiable defense or should not be beginning and end as time on the conditions for justificable defense;object on the condition is the illegal persons and their interests; subjective condition is a self-defender of justifiable defense recognizes that it is the urgency of unlawful infringement,their behavior is against unlawful infringement and does not exceed the limits; limits on condition is that insist on the necessity of justifiable defense and the equivalence principle,namely defensive behavior is necessary to stop the unlawful infringement, but damaging the illegal persons severely for a very minor interests.

关 键 词： 正当防卫 正当性 紧迫防卫的必要性

分 类 号： [D924.1]

领　　域： [政治法律] [政治法律]