导　　师： 魏文仪

学科专业： 040302

授予学位： 博士

作　　者： ;

机构地区： 上海体育学院

摘　　要： 研究目的:许多实验表明,振动力量训练在爆发力量和快速力量训练中具有良好训练效果,而实际运用中却没有得到良好的应用,主要原因是专业性太强,基础研究薄弱,致使运用中没有理论依据和可循的操作规范,由文献可知,振动研究中比较模型的不完善,致使人们对振动力量训练特征的研究深度不足。本文试图通过对气动加载自激振动力量训练器的开发研制,降低实际应用中的难度,提供一种适用于水上项目运动员进行力量训练的仪器,检验训练器的训练效果;同时通过振动与非振动比较的急性和长期耐力力量实验,探究振动力量训练方法的特征,充实振动应用基础理论。 实验方法:应用动态对比模型进行实验,动态对比模型确保了力量耐力训练时,气动加载与振动加载的平均力值相等,使振动加载与气动加载力量训练具有了研究级的可比性。力竭组10名和中等强度组6名运动员参加了急性力量耐力训练,测量振动加载与气动加载训练时的心率、乳酸、表面肌电指标以及运用肌电线性指标和小波熵、复杂度信号处理方法分析肌电指标;12名游泳运动员参加了强度为40/%1RM,3次每周8周力量耐力训练,测量练习前后的最大动态力/(1RM/)、最大功率、最大等长力量和最大耐力。 研究结果:振动与气动加载力量训练相比,中等强度组心率比较无差别、近力竭组的心率比较无差别,近力竭组乳酸值比较有差别/(10.54±1.87,12.32±2.57mmol//l;P<0.01/);振动与气动加载力量训练相比,振动表面肌电振幅RMS大/(4.28±1.15,3.54±1.21;P<0.05/),频率低/(0.887±0.119,1.083±0.188;P<0.01/),随疲劳程度的渐深,振幅增幅量不大/(/(0.0001±8.43/)×10~/(-3/),/(5.81±5.56/)×10~/(-3/) ; P<0.05 /),频率降低量较小/( -0.711±0.375 ,-1.078±0.355,P<0.05/);小波包熵值小/(1.421±0.216, 1.526±0.244, P<0.05/),其值下降率小/(-1.114±0.674, -1.720±0.448, P<0.05/)。8周力量耐力训练后,振动与气动加载力量训练相比,振动加载力量训练最大动态力/(1RM/)增长率较大/(17.0/%±5.8/%, 5.7/%±7.5/%, P<0.05/)最大功率增长率较大/(34.6/%±17.9/%, 11.0/%±17.4/% , P<0.05/);最大等长力量的增加率和最大耐力增加率无差别。 研究结论:振动与气动动态力相等的动态对比模型设计较为合理,可为振动力量训练深入研究作参考。相比气动加载训练,自激振动加载力量耐力训练在一定的振动时间后所产生的乳酸较少,表明振动训练的运动强度相对较低;自激振动加载力量训练可以激发更多的阈值较高和阈值较低的运动单位参与工作且参与工作的运动单位同步性好,具有良好的抗疲劳的作用。 相比传统的力量训练,自激振动力量训练的优势在于发展最大动态力量和快速力量方面,振动力量训练方法应属于快速力量训练方法的范畴,无论训练中采用静态姿势还是动态动作,因为振动提供了快速的外负荷。振动力量耐力训练的最大特点是在提升力量耐力的同时促进了最大动态力量的提高。 气动加载自激振动力量训练器具有输出通过预先标定,预先可知的动态恒定加载、交变加载的功能和振幅连续可调的功能,训练器由受训者自身提供能量,可产生自适应自调节的变频刺激,同时其具有安全,操作简单的特点,因此该训练器具有一定的实用和推广价值,该训练器也适用于振动科学研究。 Purpose: Vibration training was not well applied to practical strength training due to specially professional technical operation and little knowledge of the characteristic of vibration training, however, recent studies have shown the explosive strength and speed-strength increase after vibration-exercise. Meanwhile there was still a lack of details on logical comparative model in vibration training. The aim of present study was develop the pneumatic and self-vibration loading Strength Training Apparatus that is suitable to strength Training of aquatics for making become easy in practical application of vibration-exercise in strength training , and to investigate differences between vibration training and pneumatic loading in strength training by making a cute and a long-term structural endurance training exercise for enriching theory of vibration training and to assess the effectiveness of the apparatus. Methods: It was applied to the experiment for the rational comparative model that dynamic force of pneumatic loading equal to average dynamic force of vibration during elbow– flexor contraction. Ten in exhaust group and six in moderate group trained male volunteers participated in single endurance training exercise and twelve swimmers participated in a endurance training exercise,. Heart rate, lactate, and sEMG were respectively measured in vibration exercise and pneumatic loading exercise. The sEMG signals were analyzed by linear method and Wavelet Packet Entropy and complexity method in the cute exercise. Pre- and post-isometric, maximal dynamic/(1 RM /) , power of , and maximal endurance of elbow - flexor strength were measured in the long-term intensity 40/% 1RM, 3 weekly,8 weeks exercise with and without vibration. Results: Between the heart rate in exercise with and without vibration, there were no difference found in moderate intensity group and exhaust group. The lactate /(10.54±1.87,12.32±2.57mmol//l;P<0.01/)in the exhaust group was significantly lower after the exercise with than with vibration. The RMS of sEMG signal/(4.28±1.15,3.54±1.21;P<0.05/) was significantly higher, MF lowe/(r0.887±0.119,1.083±0.188;P<0.01/), rate of the RMS/(/(0.0001±8.43/)×10~/(-3/),/(5.81±5.56/)×10~/(-3/);P<0.05/), rate of the MF smaller/(-0.711±0.375,-1.078±0.355,P<0.05/), wavelet packet entropy/(WPE/)lower/(1.421±0.216, 1.526±0.244, P<0.05/), rate of the WPE smaller/(-1.114±0.674, -1.720±0.448, P<0.05/) in exercise with than without vibration. After 8 weeks endurance training, comparable effects were observed on the increased rate of the maximal isometric strength and maximal endurance ,and the rate of maximal dynamic strength and power were significantly higher in exercise with than without vibration. Conclusions: It suggests that the comparative model is a feasible for future study. The lower lactate after a appropriate period of vibration time indicates that training intensity is lower exercise with than with out vibration. Vibration training is likely to activate greater numbers of higher and lower threshold motor units which is more synchronous. By the sEMG signals trend of amplitude and frequency, explain lower lactate after vibration and to determine the shortest a period of time that well responses of to vibration. The low level and smaller rate of neural activity indicate that the recruitment task of motor unit is simpler or that vibration training is beneficial for the recruitment task of motor unit. A portion of the task might be completed by the tonic vibration reflex contraction which vibration training evoked. Vibration training inhibit excitability of the motoneurone pool, so there is the potentiation of the motoneurone pool after adaptive vibration training, which is a reasonable explanation to strength training being more efficient in exercise with than without vibration. Vibration training excels pneumatic loading training in maximal dynamic- and speed- strength. There is no difference between vibration and pneumatic loading training in strength endurance, however, vibration training increase strength endurance. Owing e to speed loading, vibration training is a method I of improved power in static pose or motion. The Pneumatic Loading Self-vibration Strength Training Apparatus is worth popularization due to its valuable function of providing foreseeing dynamic constant force after calibration, alternating force, providing stimulus of frequency conversion with self energy, adjustable continuous amplitude, safety, easy operation, self-adaptation, self-regulation.it is a instrument suitable for research to vibration.

关 键 词： 气动加载 自激振动 变频刺激 力量训练器 小波包熵 振动训练

分 类 号： [G808]

领　　域： [文化科学] [文化科学] [文化科学]