导　　师： 何爱平

学科专业： 020106

授予学位： 硕士

作　　者： ;

机构地区： 西北大学

摘　　要： 当前,在我国每年的水资源消费中,农业灌溉用水的消耗占据了最大的比例,再加上在农业灌溉中普遍存在的用水效率低下问题,使得农业灌溉用水最具节约的潜力,因而如何进行农业灌溉节水就成为应对中国水资源危机的关键。 要实现农业灌溉用水的节约,一方面可以通过工程和技术的手段来实现,而另一方面,通过改革灌溉用水制度来解决农业水资源的利用效率低下问题也是一种可行的选择。基于此,本文首先研究了我国从上个世纪90年代起出现的两种形式的制度创新,一种是将灌溉用水供给主体民营化,使灌溉用水成为真正的商品从而达到激励农户节约用水的目的;另一种是通过组建农民用水合作组织——农民用水协会/(Water User Association/)来实现农户集体共同维护和改善其所使用的田间基础设施以达到提高用水效率的目的。其次,在理论分析这两种不同的制度创新形式的基础上,笔者进一步选取已经进行了这两种制度改革的咸阳地区为调查对象,通过实地调查和发放问卷的方式了解制度改革后农户对当地灌溉用水问题的看法并评价制度实施的效果。研究的结果显示,制度改革在一定程度上增加了水费收取率并改善了田间基础设施,但农户对以农民用水协会为形式的制度认识还十分缺乏,从而使协会的作用大大受限。承包、租赁等民营化形式减轻了地方政府和上级水管部门的负担,但却由于在操作过程中缺乏对经营主体的监督和约束易造成实际水价过高等问题。最后,笔者提出了在当前灌溉用水的制度改革过程中中央政府依然要加强对农村灌溉基础设施的投入以及在灌溉用水的制度创新中应该加强农户对相关制度和政策的了解,鼓励广大的农户成为制度变革实施的真正主体等政策建议。 The irrigation water consumption occupies the largest proportion in the country's annual water consumption ,and the low utilization of irrigation water are known by many people in the course of agricultural production. Then how to save water in the process of irrigation becomes the key to solve the problem of water shortage in China. To achieve the target of saving irrigation water, two different ways can be applied. One is to save water by improving the technology of irrigation system ,the other is to improve the water use efficiency by institutional innovation of the irrigation water system. Then the institutional innovation has been put into practice in china since the 90's in last century and there are also two kind of institutional innovation: one is to make the non-government people to be the operators of some irrigation systems and make the water to be real commodity, which will motivate the farmers to reduce their production cost by saving water. The other is to help farmer to establish an organization which is called Water User Association. By the participation of farmers, they can share the irrigation system and make choice on water uses and responsibility of investment to the system. Based on the theoretical analysis of the two kind of institution innovation , this essay choose the Xian'yang district as an example for the local government has imposed the institutional innovation in the district. So I spent some time to rural area to find out how the institutional innovation affect the behavior of the farmers on water usage. By field investigation and issuing questionnaire, it comes to an conclusion as follows: In generally ,the institution innovation, to some extent ,to be effective in the way of making an increase in collection of water fee and improving the irrigation system. But on one hand, the participation in the Water User Association is very low and there still many people don't know the function of the WUAs. On the other hand, the people who got the right to operate the irrigation systems in some area make water price higher than that the farmers can afford, which make the farmers to reduce their irrigation frequency and therefore reduce the production outcome. Finally, some advice are given such as reinforce the government support to construction of irrigation infrastructure, improve the farmers' understanding of institution and policy related to the institutional reform in order to help them to be the main subject of reform and so forth.

关 键 词： 制度创新 用水协会 灌溉用水

分 类 号： [F323.213]

领　　域： [经济管理]