导　　师： 冉永平

学科专业： 050211

授予学位： 硕士

作　　者： ;

机构地区： 广东外语外贸大学

摘　　要： 自我呈现作为一种常见的语言现象，获得了社会学、社会心理学等学科的大量研究。在多位竞争者语境中，尤其是机构语境下，竞争者为了达到某种不可共享的目标，经常策略性地采用自我呈现。然而，这种自我呈现策略却鲜有语用学视角下的研究，界定在竞争性环境中的探讨甚少。另外，由于现有的自我呈现研究对社会因素和自发语境考虑不周，为了更深入剖析自我呈现，语用学视角的介入成为了必然。 本研究从维索尔伦（1999）的“语言顺应论”视角，采用定性与定量结合的分析方法，探讨自建语料库VOC（《中国好声音》）中竞争性语境下的自我呈现。竞争性语境，指的是至少两位竞争者为了个人目标而同时争夺同样的资源的一种公开且利益冲突的场合。语料中，每季的音乐名人作为导师参与到争取优秀学员的竞争当中。为了后期合作利益共赢，导师扮演的角色是自我呈现者、竞争者、竞争对手，而竞争资源，即心仪的歌唱选手扮演的是决定者。本文围绕着以下三个研究问题进行： 1.竞争性语境下竞争者采用的自我呈现策略的分布情况是怎样的？ 2.各种语境因素是如何影响竞争者对上述自我呈现策略的选择的？ 3.竞争性语境下竞争者为什么要采用自我呈现策略？ 对上述三个问题的研究结果总结如下： 首先，竞争性语境下作为竞争者的导师常采用以下四种自我呈现策略：（1）独断性的自我呈现，是一种以竞争者自我为导向、针对选择者（本文指的是歌唱选手）的策略。能够表现出尽力传达良好印象的次策略包括求同、赞扬、自我吹嘘、做出承诺以及自我贬低。（2）攻击性的自我呈现，是一种以他人为导向、针对竞争对手的策略。质疑、否定、嘲笑、贬损和威胁这些策略涵盖其中，形成驱使度和挑战性从低至高的连续体。（3）防御性的自我呈现，是一种以竞争者自我为导向、针对竞争对手的策略，常用次策略有否认、重塑、脱离干系、合理化、找借口，做出让步、道歉以及将功补过。（4）保护性的自我呈现，也是一种以竞争者自我为导向、针对竞争对手和选择者的策略。较典型的次策略有：避免公众注意力、最小化自我暴露、谨慎的自我描述、减少社交、保持沉默、被动但友好的交谈。语料库数据表明，在自我呈现策略种类分配上，独断性、攻击性、防御性、保护性自我呈现所占比例分别为49/%、41/%、5/%、5/%。独断性和攻击性的策略与防御性和保护性的策略的比例是九比一。 其次，我们探讨了影响自我呈现策略选择的两大语用因素：竞争性语境和竞争者人数。竞争性语境下，四个条件影响导师自我呈现策略的选择：竞争者的存在、目标的明确性、竞争对手信息的获得性、竞争过程的可决定性/(尤其是选择者的决定性/)。另外，竞争性语境具有行为的目标导向性、竞争对象的不可分享性以及竞争话语的激烈性等区别性特征。正是这些条件和特征驱使导师们倾向于选择独断性和攻击性的策略而非防御性和保护性的策略，因为前者努力程度更高，更符合当前语境需求。值得注意的一点是，皮尔森的非参数卡方检验（x2test）统计结果也显示，自我呈现策略的种类选择和竞争者人数多少呈显著相关。 再次，我们集中讨论了语言顺应和语用功能这两大语用理据，以解释竞争者自我呈现策略的选择。一方面，竞争者的自我呈现出于对竞争性语境的顺应，包括对竞争者自身的顺应、对竞争对手的顺应和对选择者的顺应，这些顺应驱动导师们做出恰当的语言或非语言的选择呈现最好的自己以达到特定的交际目的。另一方面，竞争者的自我呈现是为了达到某些特定语用功能，如，构建完美的导师职业身份，操控学员的抉择过程以及实现后期合作的各种利益，这些考虑同样迫使导师们在竞争性语境下做出最好的自我呈现。这两方面的原因在文本最后整合的“竞争性语境下自我呈现的顺应视角分析框架”中得到充分体现。 本研究所做贡献如下：首先，“竞争性语境”这个新概念的提出界定了文中自我呈现的探讨，同时也给语用学的“语境”研究带来一些新灵感。其次，本文整合的“竞争性语境下自我呈现的顺应视角分析框架”是对语言顺应论的深入应用。本研究对日常生活和机构环境下人们的策略性自我呈现也有一定的启示。 As a ubiquitous language phenomenon, a large bulk of studies onself-presentation have emanated from the fields of sociology, social psychology andother disciplines. However, as a commonly utilized strategy to reach some unsharedgoals in multi-competitor contexts, particularly in institutional settings,self-presentation has rarely been delved into from a pragmatic perspective, norexplored specifically within competitive settings. Besides, having failed to considermore social variables and put in a more natural context, previous studies onself-presentation merit a pragmatic perspective for a more thorough understanding. Taking the linguistic adaptation approach /(Verschueren,1999/), this study makesa qualitative and quantitative inquiry into the self-built corpus VOC /(the Voice ofChina/) for exploring self-presentation strategies in competitive context, a public andinterest-conflicted setting where at least two competitors vie for the same kind ofresource for individual goals at the same time. In this corpus, famous musicians ascoaches in each Season are involved in the competition for excellent voice. Ascoaches and their group members make profit through further cooperation, coaches asself-presenters play the roles of competitors, rivals while the contestant singers ascompetition resources are electors. Thus, to that end, three research questions areproposed below: 1. What is the distribution of self-presentation strategies adopted by thecompetitors in competitive context? 2. How do contextual correlates affect competitors’ choice of self-presentationstrategies? 3. Why do competitors employ self-presentation strategies in competitivecontext? For the above questions, main results and findings are presented as follows: First, it is found that coaches as competitors employ four types of self-presentation in competitive context. Based on Schütz /(1998/), we made thefollowing some adjustments:/(1/) Assertive self-presentation is a self-oriented strategybetween competitor and elector /(contestant singer in this study/). Sub-strategies thatshow attempts to convey favorable impressions include common ground seeking,complementing, self-boosting, promise-making and self-depreciation./(2/) Offensiveself-presentation is an other-directed strategy between competitor and rival,encompassing five strategies of questioning, negation, mocking, derogation andthreatening, which form a continuum of imposition and aggression from low to high./(3/) Defensive self-presentation is a self-oriented strategy between competitor andrival. Strategies such as denial, reframing, dissociation, justification, excuses,concession, apologies, and remediation are often used./(4/) Protective self-presentationis also a self-oriented, passive strategy among competitor, rival and elector. Typicalbehaviors of protective self-presentation contain avoiding public attention, minimalself-disclosure, cautious self-description, minimizing social interaction, remainingsilent, passive but friendly interaction. According to the statistics data, assertive,offensive, defensive and protective types of self-presentation accounted for49/%,41/%,5/%and5/%respectively. Also, the distributed proportion of assertive, offensive typeover defensive, protective type is nine to one. Secondly, competitive context and number of competitors which are twopragmatic correlates have been accounted for. There are four conditions under whichcoaches adopt self-presentation strategies in competitive context: presence ofcompetitor, explicitness of objectives, availability of rival’s information andjudge-ability of competition process, in particular, by the decision maker. Besides,competitive context enjoys three distinctive features: goal-orientedness ofperformance, non-share-ability of object and intenseness of talk. It has been suggestedthat it is competitive context and its features do drive coaches to choose assertive andoffensive self-presentation strategies rather than defensive and protective ones, as theformer are more demanding in effort than the latter. Notably, the statistics of Pearson’schi-squared test shows that there is significant correlation between the number of competitors and types of self-presentation. Thirdly, we have concentrated on two pragmatic reasons which produced suchself-presentation strategies in competitive context. For one thing, linguistic adaptation,particularly, adaptation to competitive context, i.e., adaptation to competitor,adaptation to rival and adaptation to elector, motivates coaches to make properlinguistic and non-linguistic choices to present themselves for certain communicativeneeds. For another, pragmatic function, i.e., pragmatic effects, including ideal coachidentity construction, manipulation of contestant singer’s decision making and interestrealization in the further cooperation, impels coaches’ effort in best performance ofself-presentation in the competition. These two facets are interpreted within theblended framework of Adaptation Approach in Chapter Six. This study has made some contributions. A new notion “competitive context” isproposed, which delimits the exploration of self-presentation in the study and canbring some new inspiration about context in pragmatics. Besides, an AdaptationApproach to Self-presentation in Competitive Context is integrated, which is athought-provoking application of the Linguistic Adaptation Theory in use. In practice,this study can shed some light on people’s strategic use of self-presentation in dailyand institutional settings.

关 键 词： 自我呈现 竞争性语境 语言顺应论 身份构建 操控

分 类 号： [H136]

领　　域： [语言文字]