导　　师： 车丽娟

学科专业： 020206

授予学位： 硕士

作　　者： ;

机构地区： 东北财经大学

摘　　要： 在贸易自由化和经济一体化的进程中,传统关税壁垒的影响日渐减弱,而以保护人类生命健康、提高生活质量和安全以及保护生态环境为目的的技术贸易壁垒,已逐渐成为贸易保护的主要措施。技术贸易壁垒是以技术法规、技术标准与合格评定程序三大要素组成的技术性贸易措施。一方面,这些法规、标准和评定程序对提高产品的质量、环境保护和实现经济的可持续发展发挥了非常重要的作用；另一方面,由于某些国家对这些法规、标准和评定程序的不适当的运用,影响了国际贸易的正常流动、方向和结构,从而形成了新的贸易壁垒。特别是西方发达国家,如欧盟、日本、美国,利用他们自身的技术优势,采用透明度更低、隐蔽性更强的技术贸易壁垒对国际贸易的正常发展进行限制,从而达到对本国经济进行保护的目的。这些措施阻碍了其他国家的产品出口,尤其是阻碍了发展中国家的对外贸易。 目前,国外技术性贸易壁垒对中国相当数量的,具有传统优势的出口产品进行了严格限制,包括农产品,纺织品,食品和机电产品等。国外技术性贸易壁垒正对我国的出口产生越来越严重的影响。从目前技术贸易壁垒的使用情况看,主要是发达国家凭借其技术优势对发展中国家的出口产品实行限制,通过制定比较苛刻的技术标准、技术法规和合格评定程序,以提高产品的成本,削弱产品的国际竞争力,进而限制发展中国家产品的出口。并且这些技术法规和技术标准内容冗杂,要求各异,出口国很难适应。据有关部门调查,目前在非关税壁垒中,我国每年的出口额遭受反倾销措施影响的仅占全年的1/%左右,而受技术贸易壁垒影响的已超过25/%。我国每年约有450亿美元的出口产品受到技术性贸易壁垒的影响。 中国素有“陶瓷王国”的美誉,陶瓷是中华民族文化的象征,是中国最传统,最古老的行业之一,并且也是中国最伟大的发明之一。我国有悠久的制陶历史,制陶技术在很长一段时间内一直领先世界。而景德镇是世界瓷都,代表着中国的陶瓷文化。从景德镇出口的瓷器在世界各个国家享有极高的声誉。近年来,景德镇陶瓷的出口贸易发展迅速,出口额由2005年的3742万美元,猛增到2010年的51384万美元。同时,景德镇陶瓷不仅在国内市场具有一定的竞争力,在国际市场上也有很强的竞争力。但是近年来由于一些发达国家设置技术贸易壁垒,对景德镇陶瓷的出口产生了影响。所以,研究技术性贸易壁垒对景德镇陶瓷出口的影响,并采取相应的措施去提高景德镇陶瓷出口数量,对景德镇陶瓷出口,甚至我国陶瓷出口都有非常重要的意义。 本文通过分析技术贸易壁垒的成因与发展和其特点与影响,从中国陶瓷文化的角度入手,阐述了景德镇陶瓷的发展现状,对制约江西省景德镇陶瓷出口的因素进行了分析。本文在绪论部分为研究背景,研究意义,文献综述和文章结构。 在第二章,通过回顾国际和国内的研究现状,阐述了技术贸易壁垒的成因和发展,随着经济的发展,基于保护人类健康、提高生活质量和安全以及保护生态环境的考虑,世界各国针对产品进口制定了一系列法律法规,为技术贸易壁垒的出现和发展奠定了坚实的基础。本章对技术贸易壁垒的特点和影响做了详细的阐述。 第三章,介绍了中国陶瓷文化以及景德镇陶瓷文化对中国陶瓷文化的影响和其特色陶瓷。通过用SWOT分析法,对景德镇陶瓷企业优势,劣势,机遇以及挑战做了详细的介绍,其中景德镇陶瓷企业的优势有它的历史文化优势,产业体系优势,教育研发优势；其劣势是企业品牌稀缺,企业规模偏小,缺乏创新意识和创新能力,区域品牌营销方式落后,人才外流以及企业防范意识差,质检部门检测手段跟不上；而景德镇陶瓷企业的机遇有其瓷博会的发展和陶瓷文化旅游业的发展；最后,景德镇陶瓷企业的威胁有国内其他陶瓷企业的迅速发展,其中把景德镇陶瓷企业发展状况和广东佛山,山东淄博等进行对比,对景德镇陶瓷企业的未来发展进行了分析。 第四章是在技术贸易壁垒下,对景德镇陶瓷产业发展现状,以及主要出口地区的分析研究。首先,阐述了在技术贸易壁垒下景德镇陶瓷产业发展现状,通过对2003年到2010年景德镇陶瓷出口总额及其增长率的分析,总结了景德镇陶瓷企业近年来的发展状况及技术性贸易壁垒对其的影响。其次阐述了景德镇陶瓷出口的主要国家和地区。在陶瓷贸易中,欧盟,日本,美国是景德镇主要贸易伙伴。毫无疑问,技术贸易壁垒的设立有其积极地一面,可以提高产品的质量,安全,增强人们的环保理念。但是,技术贸易壁垒也会带来诸多负面影响,许多发达国家凭借其自身的雄厚资金和先进的技术,制定一系列技术法规和技术标准,这些法律法规严重影响了发展中国家的对外出口。例如,2005年底,欧盟将对仪器分析法检测出的铅、镉溶出量的限量标准调整至0.2mg／L,0.02mg／L,这一新标准相当于将其原来的检测标准分别提高了20倍和15倍,也相当于把我国现行的检测标准提高了25倍。可见这些法规和标准的制定会严重影响发展中国家的对外贸易。最后,分析了景德镇陶瓷出口存在的问题,然后总结了景德镇陶瓷企业面临的技术贸易壁垒的特点。 第五章是在上述研究的基础上,对政府,企业如何应对技术贸易壁垒提供了相应的建议。首先政府应发挥领导作用,建立技术贸易措施预警机制,加强对陶瓷企业的监管,推进我国国内技术法规及标准的国际化,帮助陶瓷企业应对技术贸易壁垒的消极影响。景德镇陶瓷企业应发挥主要作用,努力发展科技,采用先进技术来提升陶瓷生产的产品质量；积极培养先进人才,改变企业不良的发展管理模式,优化陶瓷企业的生产结构；改进产品包装,树立良好的知名品牌商标；提高企业的营销水平,拓展多方位销售渠道；大力开拓国内外产品市场,提高产品市场竞争力；转变生产理念,积极发展绿色产品。景德镇陶瓷企业在经济全球化发展不断加深和人们生活水平不断提高以及消费者需求不断增长这一个危机与机遇并存的情况下,应该积极思考,以此来应对在未来不断发展变化中景德镇陶瓷产业产生的诸多问题。 最后对论文做了简单的总结,指出技术贸易壁垒是一把双刃剑,它既可以保障本国国民的安全与健康,对国民经济和社会经济的发展产生积极的影响；但也可能产生消极的影响,例如被发达国家利用,设置障碍,增加进口难度,引发贸易争端。从国外对景德镇陶瓷出口设置技术贸易壁垒的理由来看,主要是铅,镉的溶出量超标以及产品包装不合格。景德镇陶瓷企业应根据各国限制其出口的不同条件,采取相应的应对措施。 In the progress of globalization and trade liberalization, the function of traditional tariff barriers is declining gradually. However, the technical trade barriers in name of human health protection, life quality improvement and environmental protection have become the main forms of the trade protection. The technical trade barriers consist of technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures. On the one hand, these regulations, standards and procedures play an important role in improving product quality, protecting environment and achieving sustainable developing; on the other hand, some countries can not suit for these regulations, standards and procedures, which caused distorted effects on international trade transference, structure and direction. Therefore, those elements have become new trade barriers. In western developed countries, especially in United State, Japan and European Union, they use their technical advantages to adopt more concealed and less transparent on technical trade barriers to limit international trading, then to protect their domestic economy. These measurements have prevented other countries from exporting; especially have limited international trading of developing countries. Nowadays, the measurements of international technical trade barriers have limited Chinese traditional advantage products export, including agricultural products, textile products, food, and electronic machines strictly. These international technical trade barriers have been causing more and more serious influences on Chinese export. From the current technical trade barriers, we can see the developed countries mainly through set up strict technical standards, technical regulations and qualification systems. Based on these rules to increase product costs and reduce product competitiveness to limit developing countries export. Meanwhile, there are a lot of technical regulations and technical standards with different requirements, which are hard for the exporting countries to adopt these rules. According to the Chinese official investigation, under current non-tariff barrier, China has only1/% export are influenced by anti-dumping measurements; however, there are25/%export are influenced by TBT. Therefore, China has around45billion USD export are influenced by TBT each year. China is known as 'The Kingdom of Ceramics', ceramics is the symbol of Chinese culture and is one of the oldest and most traditional industries, and what's more, it is one of the Chinese greatest inventions. Ceramics technology has been leading the world for a long time. Jingdezhen has known as the city of ceramics, has represented the Chinese ceramics culture. The ceramics products from Jingdezhen have great international reputations. In recent years, the export of ceramics have developed rapidly, export from＄37,420,000in2005, had risen to＄513,840,000in2010. Meanwhile, Jingdezhen ceramics has a strong competitiveness, not only in the domestic market, but also in the international market. However, in recent years, the export of Jingdezhen has effected by the technical trade barriers. Therefore, to study how these trade barriers have influenced ceramics export have become an important role, to come up with strategies increase Jingdezhen ceramics export. It is not only meaningful for Jingdezhen, it is also a meaningful thing for the whole of Chinese ceramics export. This thesis is based on the relevant theories of technical trade barriers, analyzes into the factors that restrain Jingdezhen ceramics export. The introduction of this thesis has four parts, including research background, the importance of research, literature review and the structure of thesis. In the Chapter two, it reviews the relevant international and domestic research reports, get to understand the development and the reasons of the technical trade barriers. According to economic development, are based on protecting human health, improving life quality and safety, protecting environment in different countries have issued a series of law and regulations, in which those rules have provided a foundation for the technical trade barriers developing. This chapter introduces the technical trade barriers'feature and how those features have influenced on Chinese ceramics export. Chapter three introduces Chinese ceramics history, Jingdezhen's classical porcelains and the influences of Jingdezhen ceramics culture on Chinese ceramics culture. By applying SWOT analysis methods, this chapter introduces the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in detail. The strengths of Jingdezhen ceramics enterprise are history and culture advantage, industrial system advantage and education and research advantage. The weaknesses are short of famous brands, relatively small scale of enterprise, lacks of creativity and innovation, underdeveloped of the regional brand marketing pattern, brain drains and lack of preventive consciousness. The opportunities are the rapid developments of Ceramics Fair and ceramics culture tourism. The threats are the growth of other domestic regional ceramics enterprises; this chapter compares with other domestic ceramics enterprises, such as other that of Guangdong Foshan and Shandong Zibo to analyze Jingdezhen ceramics enterprise's future development. Chapter four analyzes Jingdezhen ceramics industry current developing situation and its major trading partners under the circumstance of Technical Barriers to Trade. Firstly, this chapter introduces the Jingdezhen ceramics industries current developing situation under Technical Barriers to Trade. Through the analysis of Jingdezhen ceramics'total export and its growth rate from the year2003to2010, the chapter summarizes Jingdezhen ceramics enterprises development in recent years and the influences of Technical Barriers to Trade. Secondly, it introduces the Jingdezhen ceramics'main exporting countries and regions. In the ceramics trading, European Union, Japan and The United States are the main trading partners. It's no doubt about that Technical Barriers to Trade has its positive aspects, for instance, improving products quality, safety and the sense of protecting environment. However, it takes more negative influences. In many developed countries, based on their abundant capital and advanced technology, they have been issuing a series of technical regulations and standard. For example, European Union adjusted the Lead and Cadmium component inspected from instrument analysis to be0.2mg//L and0.02mg//L respectively in2005, in which that EU has improved the standard in20times and15times than previously, equally25times improvement of Chinese current standard. So we can see these technical regulations and standard restrain developing countries'export seriously. Finally, this chapter analyzes the problems of Jingdezhen ceramics export, it summarizes the characteristics of Technical Barriers to Trade which Jingdezhen ceramics enterprises are facing. Chapter five puts forward some suggestions for enterprises and government to solve technical trade barriers based on the above research. Firstly, the government shall play a leading role in establishing the early warning mechanism for Technical Barriers to Trade; meanwhile, it shall strengthen monitoring on ceramics enterprises to promote the internationalization of domestic technical regulations and standard for help ceramics enterprises to eliminate the negative influence of Technical Barriers to Trade. The Jingdezhen ceramics enterprises shall play the dominant role in developing technology, adopting advanced technology to improve ceramics' product quality, training advanced talents, improving enterprise's unhealthy development pattern, optimizing ceramics enterprise's production structure, improving product packing, establishing reliable brands, improving enterprise's marketing competence, extending sales channels, developing international and domestic market, improving product competitiveness and changing production conception for actively developing green products. Under the circumstance of economy globalization progress, people's life standard improvement and consumer's requirement development, the Jingdezhen ceramics enterprises shall look forward to the potential issues in their future development. In the final chapter, it makes a summary of the thesis, and gets conclusions that Technical Barriers to Trade could be seen as a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it could protect public health and life, exert positive impacts on the national economy and social-economic development. On the other hand, it brings negative impacts. For example, the Technical Barriers to Trade might have been used by developed countries. These trade barriers can increase difficulties of importation, resulting in trade disputes. The main reasons why foreign countries adopted Technical Barriers to Trade against the export of Jingdezhen ceramics are the excessive dissolution of lead, cadmium and the poor package of products. According to the different countries requirements, Jingdezhen ceramics enterprises should adopt different countermeasures.

关 键 词： 景德镇陶瓷 技术性贸易壁垒 法规

分 类 号： [F752.02 F426.71]

领　　域： [经济管理] [经济管理] [经济管理]