导　　师： 刘其洪;郭亚文

学科专业： 080201

授予学位： 硕士

作　　者： ;

机构地区： 华南理工大学

摘　　要： 机床,是机械加工工作母机。多轴联动数控机床特别是五轴及五轴以上联动数控机床是实现大型与异型复杂零件的高效高质量加工的重要手段,代表着一个国家机械制造业数控技术发展的最高水平,是一个国家精密制造能力强弱、制造水平高低以及科学技术水平的重要标志。 加工精度是数控机床性能的主要标志之一。总体来说,提高机床精度有两种基本方法:误差防止法和误差补偿法。误差防止法有着很大的局限性,经济上的代价往往很昂贵;误差补偿法可以降低仪器和设备制造的成本,具有非常显著的经济效益,因此误差补偿技术在机械制造行业中得以迅速发展和推广。 建立数控机床空间误差模型和精确地测量出数控机床的各项误差是实现误差补偿的关键问题之一,本文完成的主要工作有: 首先介绍了球杆仪的构造以及检测原理,简单说明了基于球杆仪检测原理的几何误差辨识。主要包括基于齐次坐标变换法的综合误差建模,球杆仪检测法的几何及热误差分离原理,以及球杆仪球座安装误差的分离方法。并指出了球杆仪相对于一般机床检测工具的优势所在。 其次进行了数控机床误差建模分析。分析数控机床的结构组成,描述两相邻运动体之间的特征关系,定义有误差情况下相邻体间的特征变换矩阵的体坐标系、运动参考坐标系等。并在此基础上,采用坐标变换矩阵来表示各体之间的相互关系,把实体间复杂的关系抽象为数学矩阵之间的关系。给出误差模型的表达式,为误差建模提供理论基础。 然后进行基于球杆仪的五轴机床运动误差辨识与实验,设计了一个五轴机床运动误差测试方案对运动误差进行分离并仿真验证模型的正确性,并利用球杆仪进行现场实验,采集数据,进行数据处理和计算,得到机床各实际误差值。最后相对传统的应用位移传感器检测主轴漂移误差方法,本文使用实验法对主轴漂移误差进行了检测分析。 本文工作对数控机床误差检测与分析及之后的误差补偿技术有一定的参考价值;对各机床使用单位对自己单位机床的误差分析、精度检测也有一定实用作用。 Machine tools is the basic of machining. Multi-axis CNC machine tools and especially the five-axis CNC machine tools or above are the most efficient ways to processing the large complex shaped parts. Five-axis CNC machine tools represent the highest level of manufacturing, but also signs the manufacturing capabilities and scientific and technological level of the country. Precision is one of the main indicator of CNC machine tools performance. Generally, there are two basic methods to improve the precision of CNC machine tools, error prevention and error compensation. Error prevention method has significant limitations, the economic costs usually to be expensive. Error compensation method can reduce the Manufacturing cost of instruments and equipment, it also has very significant economic benefits, so it rapidly develop and promote in the manufacturing industry. Establish CNC machine tools space error model and accurately measure the CNC machine tool's various error is one of the key problems to realize error compensation. The main contributions of the paper are: First, introduction the ball bar structure and the detection principle and briefly describe the geometric error identification based on the Ball bar detection principle. Including comprehensive error modeling bases on the homogeneous coordinate transformation method, ball bar detection geometry and thermal error separation principle, and ball bar ball seat installation error separation method. It points out the advantage of ball bar than the general machine tools detection tools. Second, the error modeling analysis of the CNC machine tools. Analysis the structure of the CNC machine tools, description the feature relationship between the two adjacent moving body. Definition body coordinate system, sports reference coordinate system, etc between adjacent body of the characteristics transformation matrix when have errors. Base on this, use the coordinate transformation matrix represents the relationship, and abstract the complex relationships between entities to matrix relationship in mathematical. Shows the expression of error model, this provide a theoretical basis for the modeling of error. Third, the movement error identification and experiment of the five-axis machine tools base on ball bar, design a test program of five-axis machine tools motion errors to separate sports errors and simulate results to prove the validity of the model, and use ball bar field experiment,data collection,data processing and calculation,get the machine tools’actual value error. Finally, relative to traditional application displacement sensor test spindle drift error method, the experimental method is used to test the spindle drift error. The paper has a certain reference value for the error detection and analysis of CNC machine tools and the error compensation technology. It also provides some practical effect for the user of error analysis and precision detection of their machine tools.

关 键 词： 数控机床 误差 检测 分析

分 类 号： [TG659]

领　　域： [金属学及工艺]