导　　师： 汪小勤

学科专业： B0104

授予学位： 硕士

作　　者： ;

机构地区： 华中科技大学

摘　　要： 经济总量的迅速扩张是我国30年改革开放最为突出的成就之一。目前，以GDP为代表的中国的经济总量已位居世界前三，甚至前二的水平。然而，与经济总量的迅速扩张相对应，社会的经济福利，特别是近10多年来的社会经济福利并未得到明显改善和提升。从国外经验看，许多研究的结果都显示经济福利同经济增长之间的差距有扩大的趋势；一些发达国家经济福利甚至长期处于下降状态，因此，很多研究者开始质疑经济增长目标的意义，提出经济增长目标已经“过时”或“不可取”。根据发展中国家的经验，相对于经济增长，福利改善的略微滞后似乎也并不鲜见，而中国经济福利改善的滞后与中国经济总量的迅速增长所形成的反差如此巨大，令世人瞩目，原因何在？
　　 为此，国内学界和社会各界引发了一场对幸福，幸福指数以及福利等问题的广泛讨论，也成为当下中国国民心目中关注度最高的问题之一。针对中国经济增长和福利改善明显错位，学界较多地从收入分配、消费增长与经济增长关系以及经济增长与经济增长方式的关系两个视角展开研究。关于消费支出、经济增长和经济福利之间关系的国内研究则几乎没有看到。笔者以为，尽管社会收入分配的严重失衡以及经济增长方式的传统和粗放，能相当程度地解释经济增长与福利改善的错位，但系统地解释这一问题，还需要更为系统而深入的研究。
　　 经济学中和福利概念相联系的最基本概念有“效用”、“福利”和“幸福”， 这三个概念既相互联系又相互区别，在一定意义上，他们是经济学，心理学和社会学三学科的交叉概念。效用，幸福和福利既可以在微观也可以在宏观层面来探讨；既受到心理因素的影响，也不同程度的可通过实物或货币等加以客观度量。但相对而言，福利似乎更多地在群体和宏观层面被关注和研究，福利也更容易通过实物或货币来度量。——正如庇古所说，经济福利是社会总福利中可以用货币衡量的部分。本文拟研究中国经济高速增长条件下经济福利变动及其测度问题。
　　 众所周知，在现代国民收入核算体系（SNA）下，GDP及其增长是衡量一国经济福利的重要指标之一，但GDP中所包括的内容有相当部分与经济福利（至少与当期的经济福利）无关，而另一方面，构成经济福利的许多重要内容又被排斥在GDP之外。因此，对作为衡量一国经济福利的重要指标之一的GDP的审视和解构研究，对解读和推进研究关于中国经济增长与福利改善严重错位问题，具有相当重要的助益。
　　 本文在界定经济福利概念和介绍现代经济福利衡量指标体系基础上，重点分析和解构了GDP，指出GDP作为衡量经济福利指标存在的问题。文章结合中国国情，从可持续发展的视角，将具有中国特征的福利影响因素纳入现有的福利测度和计算方法中，构建新的能正确反映中国经济增长和真实社会经济福利的指标体系，并对中国改革开放30年来经济福利的变化情况进行估算。结果表明，与欧洲一些国家不同，1979—2008年间中国可持续经济福利持续增加，但是，经济福利增加率低于经济增长率。论文还通过跨国比较，指出收入分配的差距扩大，经济结构失衡，经济增长方式的粗放，环境损害等是导致中国经济快速增长与福利改善严重滞后现象的重要原因。
　　 文章最后指出，改变传统的GDP情结，用直接反映社会经济福利的指标（包括人均收入，营养，健康，教育，人均预期寿命，人的自由选择和人的社会价值的实现等）取代GDP指标，对中国经济社会未来可持续发展具有重要意义。中国目前高积累、高能耗、高污染、低消费的发展模式具有弱可持续性，实际不同资本之间不可能存在完全的替代性，自然资源和环境的不可替代性，会严重制约经济福利增长的可持续性。 Over the past thirty years,1979-2008, China has experienced some of the world's highest rates of economic growth and achieves the rapid expansion of total output since the Reform and Opening up policies was adopted. Currently, Chinese aggregate products, measured by GDP, have got to the top three positions, even the first two levels in the world. Meanwhile, the welfare of the members in the society has not distinguished improved, especially in the last more than 10 years. More and more empirical studies showed that, GDP, as one of the most important indicators to measures a country's economic welfare, is far from complete. For example, the economic welfare in the most Nordic countries has been declined from the 80's last century to today. Many economists therefore clear that, since economic growth caused social, environmental, ecological factors changed, which have done the adverse effects on welfare, the target of economic growth has been 'obsolete' or 'undesirable'. According to the experience of developing countries, it is very common that Economic welfare has been improved just a little relative to the high economic growth. But comparative with the rapid economic growth, the gap lagged of Economic welfare is so great that caught worldwide attention, and we would like to know why. In order to explain this, many domestic scholars propose well-being, happiness index and welfare to the public, these issues have aroused discuss widely and strong concern among the most Chinese, and then it has become one of the focal point in China today. As to illustrate the reasons for the big gap between China's economic growth and welfare improvement, most researchers attribute it to the income distribution; they said it is income inequality that makes the rate of consumption growth was lower than economic growth rate. The others think that it is due to the characteristics of China economy, such as high energy consumption, high pollution, etc. Some of them are quite insight into the truths, but we almost have not seen the literatures about the relationship of consumer spending, economic growth and economic welfare. I think that, despite the serious inequality of income distribution and the extensive growth pattern, to a considerable extent, the two points can explain the dislocation between the economic growth and welfare improvement, more extensive and in-depth studies are necessary. There are some other conceptions linked to welfare, such as utility, happiness, well-being and satisfaction, they come from interdisciplinary of economics, psychology and sociology. We can estimate them both from the micro and the macro level. The psychological factors are barriers us to measure it, so we can avoid psychological factors to use objective tools, which can bring the persons happiness, as the indicator of economic welfare also. From this point of view, welfare seems to be easier to be measured in macro level through in-kind or money. As the founder of Welfare Economics Pigou said, Economic welfare is the part of social welfare, which can be measured by money. This paper studies the economic welfare and it's measurement in China under the conditions of the rapid economic growth. As we know, under the modern System of National Accounts /(SNA/), GDP and its growth appears to be one of the most important indicators to measure the economic welfare of a country. Economic welfare is not only the criteria to evaluate the results of the resources allocation and economic policy, but also the goal government and the social member pursue. But, there is a considerable part of GDP which can do nothing with the economic welfare /(at least with the current economic welfare/); On the other hand, there are so many things, which can benefit the people, excluded by GDP, they constitute an important part of the economic welfare. Therefore, it is essential to make examination and deconstruction of GDP, and give an alternative tool to measure economic welfare. We can use it to interpret severe dislocation between the economic growth and welfare improvement in china. The dissertation at first introduces the concept and definition of economic welfare and its measurement. Next, it points out the deviation of economic welfare from its indicator of GDP, so it analysis and deconstruct the composition of GDP and economic welfare. Then, it applies the existing economic welfare measurement methods to construct a complete theoretical framework which is, from the perspective of sustainable development, considered with Chinese Economy characteristics and with the factors affect the economic welfare in China especially. Finally, the dissertation uses the theoretical framework and the index system to estimate the economic welfare and its changes in 1979-2008 in China. The paper also makes an international comparison in order to reason the dislocation between the economic growth and welfare improvement in China. The thesis reaches some conclusions that the most important reasons for widening gap between the rapid economic growth and welfare improvement in lag are income distribution, economic structural imbalances, the extensive mode of economic growth and the severe environmental damage etc. The article concludes that China should pursuit of alternative goals for welfare enhancing in place of simply achieving economic growth. We should use series of alternative indicators of GDP to evaluate the social progress and development; they must be direct reflection of the human being /(including per capita income, nutrition, health, education, life expectancy, freedom and the social justice, etc./). At Finally, the paper pointed out that the rapid economic growth in China,with high saving, high energy consumption, high pollution and low private consumption is weak sustainable. Because the different capital cannot substitute each other completely, the natural capital and the environment is irreplaceable, we should concern more about the factors for sustainability.

关 键 词： 经济福利 国内生产总值 可持续经济福利指数 真实发展指数

分 类 号： [F061.4]

领　　域： [经济管理]