导　　师： 邓云龙

学科专业： D0203

授予学位： 博士

作　　者： ;

机构地区： 中南大学

摘　　要： WERNER和SMITH在20世纪50年代开展的有关高风险环境下儿童发展三十年追踪研究的结果触发了心理弹性概念的提出，使得心理弹性作为一个研究课题逐渐被学者们所接受。这一概念颠覆了研究学者对以往高风险环境下儿童发展的悲观性结论，纵向研究的结果表明一部分儿童即使经历了高风险环境，其发展功能仍然保持完好。尽管研究学者对心理弹性的定义仍然存在争议，但大都认同心理弹性是指个人在遭受高危险性环境或压力下，其发展功能和社会适应并未受到明显损害，特别是对儿童和青少年而言，他们可能历经磨难，但仍然能发展具有正常社会适应功能的人，甚至一部分人突破了个人和环境的局限，获得了优良的发展结果。
　　 心理弹性的复杂性和深远意义极大激发了研究学者们的热情，心理弹性研究领域因此浪潮迭起，由现象学的探索性研究到系统性的实践性研究，由单一的定性研究走向定性与定量的结合，心理弹性研究取得了令人瞩目的成果。但心理弹性研究也在这种焦点注视下，其不足和缺失也充分显现出来：源于西方文明和传统的解释模型虽相继被提出，但大都与难以得到普遍的认同。这也造成弹性概念、测量工具迄今仍处于不断争论之中。具有普遍性意义、基础性的理论构建仍然是亟需解决的。一些前瞻性的学者把目光投向了迥然不同与西方的东方（中国）文化传统和民族精神，心理弹性研究能否从这一源远流长的文明获得理论启示将是今后研究的一条新的思路。心理弹性研究的越深入，学者们发现的危险或保护因素就越发纷繁复杂，究竟哪些变量对干预最有效应被有意无意忽略而无从得知。寻求最有效因素、最本质的因素对干预研究的意义是重大的。本研究旨在为心理弹性研究中国化进行有益的尝试。在中国文化背景下，心理弹性与传统文化的关联并未被深究，也缺乏对青少年心理弹性结构与特征的系统性研究。基于以往研究的理论成果，本研究提出从中国传统文化（历史典籍）、当代青少年心理发展上研究青少年心理弹性，探索中国传统文化中的心理弹性的深刻内涵，提炼出个人核心心理弹性概念与特征，编制适合青少年的个人核心心理弹性量表，多角度考察青少年心理弹性的特征，在比较高危环境下的高心理弹性儿童与低心理弹性儿童心理发展特征上，尝试构建青少年心理弹性发展模型上。研究共分两个部分：
　　 研究一采用文献分析法考察了蕴涵在中国文化中的心理弹性思想内涵和特征。结果提示，中国文化中的心理弹性本质内涵是指向个人的核心品质或精神，主要包括了两个方面：一个是对逆境与自身的认知态度，包括了对逆境的辩证认知、积极的人生态度、坚忍不拔、坚持不懈的意志精神；二是在逆境或困难面前的自律或内在控制，包括中和心态的养成、独立灵活的行事之道。
　　 研究二采用实证研究考察了中国当代青少年心理弹性的结构和特征，构建了青少年个人核心心理弹性量表。研究表明：(1)青少年核心心理弹性由认知维度与控制维度构成，认知维度包括自信、领悟性、坚韧性、接纳性、家庭感知、主动性因子，控制维度包括学习掌握、控制感、心态调整、目的感、存在感和人际互动因子；(2)自编的青少年核心心理弹性问卷具有良好的信和效度；(3)总体上青少年在核心心理弹性在认知维度上得分较高，在其控制维度得分较低；(4)处于逆境中的青少年约有五分之一的个体具有高核心心理弹性水平：与低、中等弹性水平青少年相比，高弹性水平青少年的主观幸福感、家庭关系满意度、同伴关系满意度都最高，而孤独感最低。(5)构建的弹性青少年作用模型具有较好的拟合度，核心心理弹性在弹性青少年发展中起着重要的调节作用：青少年高风险性事件（逆境）对青少年心理发展有负面影响趋势，但其影响作用随个体心理弹性水平发生变化。在低心理弹性水平下，逆境对主观幸福感的负面影响体现的很显著。而随着心理弹性水平的提高，核心心理弹性对个体心理功能主效应影响趋于明显，逆境的消极影响趋于减弱。包括家庭关系、同伴关系在内的社会联结系统对个体核心心理弹性有着正向影响。 The longitudinal Study on children development by Werner and Smith in 50s of 20th century led the development of the concept of resilience, as a research domain, resilience have been accepted gradually by researchers. It was subversion that the longitudinal study on resilience indicated some children having experienced severe adversities still had sustained good developmental outcomes, while before that researches had pessimistic thoughts that children who living in serious disadvantaged environment could had psychological or behavioral problems. Although the researchers have been debated on definition of resilience, almost they admitted that the term 'resilience' refers to the phenomenon that some people don't suffer developmental disorders while facing or having experienced severe adversities. Especially, when facing or after experiencing severe stresses or adversities the children or adolescents from high-risk backgrounds have been acquired normal developmental outcomes,or good development。 The complexity of resilience and far-reaching significance of the study greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of scholars, the wave of resilience study arose repeatedly From the exploratory phenomenological study to the systematic practice research, from qualitative research from to a combination of qualitative and quantitative, researchers have made remarkable results. However, shortcomings and lack revealed gradually in the domain could be to hinder the study of resilience:although the interpretation of the model have been proposed, which from the Western civilization and traditions,researchers cross the barrier of has also been f of fully, but most of them are difficult to accept universally, that also leads to be debated on the concept and measuring tools of resilience study. It is still an urgent need to resolve that explore Universal and basic construction of the theory. Some forward-looking scholars is now setting sights on the East cultural traditions particularly Chinese cultural traditions and spirit, and looking for the possibility of a new theory based on an ancient civilization,which will be a new line of thought of resilience study in the future. With the more in depth resilience research, more and complicated factors system of risk or protection have been found. But the most effective variables on intervention in what should be to play down intentionally or unintentionally. It is significant to seek the most effective and essential factors for the intervention study of resilience. Then, the purpose of this paper is to engage in making beneficial trial on the Chinese localization of resilience study. In the context of Chinese culture, the characteristics of resilience associated with the traditional culture has not been studied clearly, it is lack of systematic study on the structure and characteristics of resilience of adolescent. Based on the theoretical results of previous studies, the author carries out the framework of adolescent resilience from the perspective of Chinese traditional culture /(history literature/) and psychological development of contemporary adolescent:1/) to explore profound meaning of resilience associated with Chinese traditional culture; 2/) to extract the core concept of personal core resilience,to develop the personal core resilience scale, and to study the characteristics of adolescent resilience multi-angularly; 3/) to research psychological characteristics of resilience between children with high resilience and children with low resilience in the high-risk environment, and to construct development model of adolescent resilience. Research is divided into two related sub-studies: In the first study, Based on the literature analysis the author delved into characteristics of resilience rooted in Chinese traditional culture. The result are following as:innate characteristics of resilience rooted in Chinese culture may indicate core character of individual that mainly include two aspects:one may indicate recognition or attitude about adversity and self which mean dialectics recognition on adversity, positive attitudes towards life, and persistence; the other may indicate innate control which mean temper force with mercy and be flexible with the world by oneself. In the second study, based on interviews and the inventory survey author systematically study the structure and characteristics of resilience of contemporary adolescent and develop the personal resilience core scale. The results are following as:1/) core resilience of contemporary adolescent is composed of two dimension:and control dimension. Cognitive dimension is to consists of six factors, confidence,insigts, toughness, admission, family awareness, initiative; control dimension is composed of six facts, learning master, control feelings, mentality adjustment, target feeling, sense of place, interpersonal association.2/) the personal core resilience scale has been proven to be of fine validity and reliability through examination.3/) On the whole, average mark of cognitive dimension of adolescent core resilience is higher than that of control dimension.4/) about 1//5 middle school students/(aged 11-19/) who experienced severe stresses or adversities have been identified resilient children/(high core resilience/), contracting with moderate core resilience and low core resilience, they have highest subject well being, family and peer-relation satisfaction,and have lowest aloneness.5/) the fitting of the data and a model of adolescent resilience development Built is satisfied. The personal core resilience have important influence on adolescent development: high risk circumstances have negative affection on adolescent development, but the negative affection could changes with the level of core resilience. In the low level of core resilience, the negative impact of the adversity on well-being of adolescent is significant. With improvement of the level of core resilience, main effects of the core resilience on individual psychological function become obvious. while the negative effects of adversity become insignificant. The social connectivity system including family relation and peer relation has a positive psychological impact on personal core resilience.

关 键 词： 青少年 核心心理弹性 传统文化 内在控制

分 类 号： [B844.2]

领　　域： [哲学宗教] [哲学宗教]