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颠覆性别程式:多丽丝·莱辛作品中的性别模式
Breaking the Gender Stereotypes: Gender Patterns in Doris Lessing's Works

导  师: 王建香

学科专业: E0201

授予学位: 硕士

作  者: ;

机构地区: 湘潭大学

摘  要: 多丽丝·莱辛(DORIS LESSING,1919—)是一位享誉世界文坛的女作家,也是当今英国文学界的一棵不老松。莱辛总是具有超前意识,不论是种族隔离、女性,还是梦、疯狂、无意识,以至核武器、地球的命运等等,在人们关注之前,她就在作品中涉及了这些问题。同样地,在性别关系的认识上,她也没有受到性别程式的束缚,而是超越了这个局限,创造出了许多个性鲜明且不同寻常的角色。在她的作品中,有新时代的职业女性,也有与传统观念格格不入的男性。莱辛试图通过小说人物来颠覆传统的性别程式,但她并没有向我们展示一个女强男弱的社会,而是说明了性别程式的不合理性。
   本文分三个部分阐述莱辛不同于传统的性别观:
   第一部分首先介绍了女性性别程式,并通过对一些女性形象的分析来展现莱辛颠覆女性性别程式的努力。尽管莱辛坚持与女性主义划清界限,但她始终支持女性的独立与自由,并认为单靠女性一方是不够的,它需要两性的共同努力。在女性解放的道路上应该抛弃敌视男性的历史包袱,把男性当作争取自由平等的同盟军,一同去战胜重重困难,所以,那些所谓的“自由女性”并不是真正的自由。
   第二部分分析男性性别程式及其对男性发展的束缚。在文学史上,理想男性往往都是英雄或智者的美好形象。莱辛在她的小说中突破了这种传统观念的束缚,创造了典型的反传统的男性形象。不仅如此,莱辛对男性的生存状况也给予了关注,她的观点与性别研究不谋而合:男性是压迫者,同时也是受害者。此部分还对比了同一部作品中的两个男性人物来证明莱辛同样持有男性解放的观点。
   第三部分讨论莱辛对理想性别模式的构想及其为性别平等所做的努力。最后把莱辛的两性观放在了女性写作传统中进行分析,通过比较得出莱辛在两性问题上的视野更为广阔的结论。
   本论文试图通过这几个方面的分析,能够比较完整地理解莱辛的性别观,进而更好地理解多丽丝·莱辛的思想和创作。
  
Doris Lessing is one of the most extraordinary as well as controversial women writers of our time. Moreover, she is a prolific writer whose production covers a wide range of literary genres. Her African background has resulted in a number of stories deploring the color bar, touching on social reform and advocating individual freedom. This paper discusses her breaking of gender stereotypes, and the ideal gender patterns Lessing builds in her works. In the conventional criteria of gender stereotypes, women are always related to family. They should be gentle, dependent and easy to get close to. At the other end, men ought to be masculine, tenacious, dominant in the gender relationship, and the main source of family income. A“real”man is required to hide his fragility or dread. Gender stereotypes lead directly to a discrimination of one gender upon the other. This kind of discrimination often but not definitely points to women. In fact, people always ignore the discrimination on men which is recessive and indirect. As a writer in a new age, Lessing has a prevision that is often further than her contemporaries. There is no banal or traditional thought in her mind and she never sees things with ordinary eyes. In some of her works, Lessing subverts the traditional concepts of gender and creates most independent women who possess what the traditional men should have, while several men are just like what the traditional women should be. Through the depiction of these unconventional characters, Lessing not only diversifies the images of men and women in literature but also tries to change the gender stereotypes in readers’minds. Different from many of the researches on Lessing’s gender view that attach importance to women’s experience and self-realization exclusively, this paper discusses both sides of gender. For Lessing, women’s liberation ought to be combined with men’s cooperation. When we are struggling for the freedom of women, we should not take men as enemies. The pursuit for the freedom of women should not be the excuse of superseding“men-domination”with“women-domination”. The final aim of feminism is not to overthrow men but to get to the destination of gender equality. In addition to her concern about women, Lessing does not neglect the care for men. She reveals the agony of men under the restriction of gender stereotypes and expresses her advocacy to men’s liberation. This thesis is divided into three chapters. First, some important concepts about female stereotype are introduced. Traditionally, women are supposed to be with characteristics of piety, submissiveness, and domesticity. However, in her works, Lessing has created some unconventional women who are totally different from the traditional ones in the view of gender stereotypes. In addition, Lessing did not stay on the level of pursuing the external freedom of women. In Lessing’s point of view, the freedom they have achieved is not the freedom in a real sense. There are still a lot of difficulties on the way to women’s liberation. The second chapter discusses Lessing’s breaking of male stereotype and her possible solutions to men’s liberation. When women are debased as infirm and emotional, men are required to be strong and to suppress their emotions. They have to bear all the pressures both from family and society and cannot show their weakness. Thereby, men are the victims of patriarchy in despite of being the beneficiaries. In Lessing’s fictional world, there are some heroes lacking the so-called masculinity, either externally or internally. By analyzing the characters of these men, we can find that Lessing is attempting to break the stereotype on men. Through the revelation of men’s inner world, Lessing tries to tell that men’s liberation is as important as women’s liberation. The third chapter discusses the ideal gender patterns for Lessing. Men and women relate to each other and complement each other on the way to gender equality. Ideal gender pattern, in Lessing’s point of view, should be cooperative, mutual supporting and mutual respecting. This chapter also discusses Lessing’s endeavor to acquire gender equality and her Marxist gender viewpoint that we should not divide things off. Last, the discussion of Lessing’s gender patterns is put in the tradition of women writing, which tries to find out her progressive nature in comparison with the precedent women writers. Through all these analyses, a conclusion will be made that Lessing is attempting to change the conventional gender stereotypes both in the literary world and in readers’minds, and holds that gender equality could be achieved as long as both men and women get liberated. This paper makes up the deficiency of the researches on Lessing’s gender view that attaches importance to the women’s liberation exclusively and ignores her care for men.

关 键 词: 多丽丝 莱辛 英国小说 性别模式 创作风格

分 类 号: [I561.074]

领  域: [文学]

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