导　　师： 张今杰

学科专业： A0109

授予学位： 硕士

作　　者： ;

机构地区： 湘潭大学

摘　　要： 作为科学知识社会学“巴黎学派”的领军人物之一，布鲁诺·拉图尔开创了科学的“实验室研究”，参与了“行动者网络理论”的构造，促进了科学知识社会学继“社会学转向”之后的“人类学转向”，在科学知识社会学以及相关领域均占有重要的地位。本文在已有研究的基础上，力求全面、公正地考察拉图尔的思想渊源、研究方法和理论创见，以期有益于中国学者的科学—社会—文化研究。
　　 拉图尔的实验室思想既是现代科学实践的理论体现，又与其个人的研究经历密切相关；同时有其多方面的理论背景：反对传统科学哲学对科学权威地位的辩护，批判科学社会学的默顿模式，强调要把知识社会学的原理推进到包括自然科学在内的全部知识领域。
　　 在“实验室研究”中，拉图尔运用科学人类学的方法，亲身进入科学实验室，观察、记录实验室的科学活动，以此得出结论：科学事实并非自然世界的表象，而是社会建构的产物，是科学家集体内外争论、磋商和妥协的结果。
　　 面对批评，拉图尔发展了实验室思想，和卡龙一起提出“行动者网络理论”，挖掘科学的修辞学特征，把实验室内部活动与外部活动连接起来，试图对称地处理科学中的社会实体和自然实体，更广泛地考察“正在形成中的科学”，构建了统摄自然、社会、科学、技术在内的联合的“行动者网络”。
　　 拉图尔在“实验室研究”中的田野调查方法对于当前中国学者开展科学的社会文化研究具有一定的借鉴意义；他把科学视为一种建构性的实践活动，启发我们发展马克思主义的实践科学观——实践建构论：科学是一种介入性的实践活动，具有强大的渗透力；科学是建构的，也是客观的，其建构性和客观性统一于科学实践之中。 As one of the leaders of“Paris School”in Sociology of Scientific Knowledge /(SSK/), Bruno Latour initiates Laboratory Studies of science, participates in construction of Actor-Net Theory /(ANT/), promotes“the Anthropological Turn”after“the Sociological Turn”in SSK, and plays an important rule in SSK and some relative fields. Basing on achieved research, in this papers I try to review comprehensively and impartially Latour’s idea origin, the research method and the creative thought, so as to contribute to the studies of Science-Society-Culture of domestic scholars. Latour’s Laboratory Thought reflects theoretically the modern practice of science, relates closely to the research experience of his own. At the same time, his thought has many aspects of theoretical context: opposing the defense of traditional philosophy of science to scientific authority, criticizing the model of Science Sociology of Merton, emphasizing on bringing the principles of Sociology of Knowledge to all the fields of knowledge including natural science. With the method of Scientific Anthropology in Laboratory Study, Latour enters the scientific lab to investigate and record scientific action. And then he concludes that scientific fact isn’t the representation of the nature but the production of sociological construction, the consequence of discussion, negotiation and compromise that are inside and outside the Community of Scientists. Facing criticism, Latour and Callon present Actor-Net Theory to improve the Laboratory thought. They dig the rhetoric characteristics of science, combine the internal action with the external action of scientific lab, try to treat symmetrically the sociological being and natural being of science, and review expansively“science in action”, so that they can construct a united“actor-net”which covers nature, society, science and technology. Latour’s method of fieldwork in Laboratory Study has an importance in sociological and cultural studies of science in China. Latour takes science as a kind of constructive practice and enlightens us to develop Marxism view of Science called Practical Constructivism, which has some views as follows: science is an intervening practice with strong power of infiltration; it’s constructive as while as objective and both integrate into scientific practice.

关 键 词： 拉图尔 巴黎学派 科学实验室 科学知识社会学 实验室思想

分 类 号： [N09 N02]

领　　域： [自然科学总论] [自然科学总论]