作　　者： ;

机构地区： 广东外语外贸大学英语语言文化学院

出　　处： 《现代外语》 2003年第1期104-110,共7页

摘　　要： 本文首先简要介绍Stephen Levinson新著《假定意义:一般会话含意理》 (Presumptive Meanings:The Theory of Generalized ConversationalImplicature. Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2000, pp. xxiii + 480)的主要内容,然后着重评述其中的几个重要观点。笔者认为,Levinson与Grice在研究路向上的分野源于对“合作”的不同诠释。在Grice 看来,合作是遵循逻辑,而Levinson认为合作是遵循常规。常规比逻辑更具心理现实性,是产生一般会话含意的根源。一般会话含意决定语句的命题内容,属于先语义语用学范畴。先语义语用学不仅是对Grice会话含意学说的发展与补充,而且为语用学研究开拓了新的领域。一般会话含意的推理机制是默认推理,默认推理与演绎推理共存于言语交际之中,二者呈互补关系,体现了科学理论的一般要求。 The present paper first briefly introduces the main contents of Stephen Levinsons Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature, published by MIT Press, 2000. It then puts forward the following comments on the main points of the book. The difference in Grices and Levinsons directions of research originates from their different interpretations of the notion of cooperation. For Grice cooperation means logicality, but for Levinson it means stereotypicality. Grices Cooperative Principle was motivated by his wish to make a compromise between logicians (represented by Russell) and ordinary language philosophers, i.e., to explain the logicality of illogical ordinary language. His notion of cooperation, however, is viewed by Levinson as too underspecified to serve as the starting point of a pragmatic principle. There is a need to reinterpret it. According to Levinson, it is conforming to stereotypes, rather than to logic, that constitutes cooperation. Logic must exhaust all possibilities while stereotypes are filtered of all the theoretically possible, but empirically nonexistent, states of affairs. Taking into account the instantaneity of verbal communication, it is obvious that stereotypes are more psychologically plausible than logic. Stereotypes are the sources from which generalized conversational implicatures (GCIs) originate. GCIs play an essential role in the determination of the prepositional content of the sentences in which they occur, and they dont involve the flouting of any maxim, for which reason they fall into the category of what is called presemantic pragmatics, rather than postsemantic Gricean pragmatics. GCIs cannot be regarded as part of semantics, either, for the reason that their defeasible nature is inconsistent with the monotonicity of semantic relations. Presemantic pragmatics interleave with semantics and postsemantic pragmatics in the sense that alternately act on the generation of communicated meaning. Given the dependence of particularized conversational implicat

关 键 词： 常规 先语义语用学 默认推理

领　　域： [语言文字]