作　　者： ; ; ;

机构地区： 北京林业大学人文社会科学学院

出　　处： 《心理科学进展》 2013年第12期2224-2234,共11页

摘　　要： 社会交换在人类的群体生活中具有重要作用。不过,个体可能在这一过程中遭到欺骗者的剥削。因此,为了应对社会交换中来自欺骗者的选择压力,人类可能进化出了模块性的欺骗者探测机制,以便有效地识别和对付欺骗者。欺骗者探测具有准确性和模块性的特点。首先,人们可以通过观看视频和评价图片的方式准确识别欺骗者,这种识别的正确性高于随机水平。其次,通过四卡片任务进行的推理研究发现,人们能够迅速有效地找到欺骗者,这一过程具有模块性的特点。再次,在记忆层面,人们对于欺骗者拥有更好的来源记忆,不过这一记忆优势的内在机制尚有争议,领域一般性理论和领域特殊性理论都能解释这一现象。最后,讨论了该领域未来研究的可能方向:探讨欺骗者探测的线索,检验是否存在利他者探测,从跨文化和跨年龄的角度检验社会契约理论,以及运用这一理论对特殊群体进行考察。 Social exchange plays an important role in human group living. However, cooperating individuals risk being exploited by cheaters who only benefit from but do not contribute to the cooperative work. Identifying and punishing cheaters have become a recurrent challenge in human group living so that cognitive functioning to solve this problem is modularized. Such cognitive functioning is referred to as the cheater-detection module. Ample evidence suggests that the cheater-detection module enables automatic perceptual awareness and identification of cheaters even without actual contact with or sufficient knowledge about them. People can also easily detect cheaters by analyzing social exchange scenarios. This higher cognitive reasoning also seems to be domain-specific. Another higher cognitive functioning potentially selected or evolved from cheater detection of group living is source memory. Although still being debated about its domain specificity, there is evidence showing superior source memory of violators of social contracts than that of other things. This debate about the source memory provides an important direction for future research. Other issues requiring further research include what cues people use to identify and memorize cheaters and why people punish social contract violators without apparent benefits. This article reviews these and other central issues of evolutionary cognitive and social psychology and provides directions for future research in this area.

关 键 词： 欺骗者探测 社会契约理论 社会交换 四卡片任务 模块性 进化心理学

领　　域： [哲学宗教] [哲学宗教]