作　　者： ; ;

机构地区： 中山大学

出　　处： 《华南师范大学学报（社会科学版）》 2010年第5期5-40,共36页

摘　　要： 明清时期流播广泛的通俗小说,可以作为我们体察民众思想情感的有效途径。其中,具有典范意义的白话小说"三言两拍"收录了大量的司法故事,不乏有关刑讯的描写。这些故事不仅描摹和反映了司法实践,同时也传递了当时民众对于司法实践的认知、态度和情感。"三言两拍"中具有典型意义的拷讯故事反映出,尽管刑讯属于合法制度,然而是否实施刑讯,往往与司法官员的性格特征与道德信念有关,也与诉讼两造的身份和体貌特征有关。虽然拷讯可能成为导致冤狱的渊薮,但是如果没有拷讯,也会导致司法审判难以进行的困局。而传统中国社会的正义观认为,只要司法审判的结果正确,哪怕通过拷讯手段获得,也在所不惜;因而对于由此造成的冤狱,也必须被容忍。小说对于刑讯场景的刻画,特别着意于描写刑具和受刑对象的反应;所使用的词汇和修辞,细腻勾画出官员实施刑讯、嫌犯承受刑讯时的态度和情感。从微观角度来看,司法官员的信念和性格,是导致他们实施拷讯的基本原因,而审判经验之不足是他们过分依赖拷讯之法的关键原因;同时,原被两造之间的身份差异,也会影响司法官员是否实施刑讯的决策。从宏观角度来看,刑讯制度与其实践,与帝制中国专制权力的不断强化、汉代以降"儒法合流"的正统意识形态、明清时期的审判模式,破案和审案的程限要求、"报"的观念以及"棍棒"文化都有着密切的关系。 Popular fictions,which were spread widely in Ming and Qing Dynasty,can be effective means for understanding people's thoughts and feelings.Among popular fictions,exemplary vernacular novel San Yan Liang Pai(a collection of stories in Ming Dynasty) includes a large number of judicial stories with some descriptions of torture.These stories not only describe and reflect judicial practice,but also convey public awareness,attitudes and emotions to judicial practice at that time.Typical stories about enquiry and torture in San Yan Liang Pai reflect that,despite the legitimateness of the system of torture,the implementation of torture depends on the character and moral beliefs of judicial officials and the identity and physical characteristics of litigants.Although torture may result in miscarriage of justice,absence of torture may also lead to dilemma of justice.According to traditional Chinese view of justice,as long as the sentence is proper,any method used to find the truth is acceptable.Thus the resulting miscarriage of justice must be tolerated.The torture scene in novels particularly describe instruments of torture and the response from persons who are tortured.Vocabulary and rhetoric in novels delicately outline attitudes and feelings of officials who torture the suspects and the suspects who bear the torture.From the microscopic point of view,officials' faith and character are the basic reasons leading to implementation of torture.And the lack of judicial experience is the key reason for their over-reliance on torture.Meanwhile,identity difference between plaintiff and defendant also affect judicial officials' decision-making.From the macroscopic point of view,the system and practice of torture is tightly related with the continually strengthened autocratic power,orthodox ideology that combined Confucianism and legalism together,the trial mode in Ming and Qing dynasty,limits and requirements of detection and tria,l'bao'concept,and'stick'culture.

关 键 词： 三言两拍 刑讯 明清 文学 想象

领　　域： [政治法律] [政治法律]