作　　者： ; ; ; ; ;

机构地区： 湖南科技大学生命科学学院

出　　处： 《生态学报》 2005年第6期1357-1361,共5页

摘　　要： 天然源药剂由于具有与环境良好的相容性而日益受到重视。研究测试苍耳XanthiumsibiricumPetr.etWidd.和白蝴蝶SyngoniumpodophyllumSchott的提取物以及几种药剂在田间常用浓度下对蚜茧蜂的影响。结果表明,几种药剂对蚜茧蜂成虫有明显杀伤力,毒性的大小次序是绿福(4.5%高效顺反氯氰菊酯乳油)(稀释3000倍)>0.3%印楝素乳油(稀释2000倍)>0.6%阿维菌素(稀释2000倍),2h内可致半数以上的试虫死亡,2.5%鱼藤酮精(稀释800倍)次之,99.9%机油乳剂(稀释400倍)和两种植物提取物(0.04gDW·ml-1)对成蜂的存活无显著影响;处理僵蚜的结果表明,印楝素乳油和机油乳剂影响较明显,僵蚜羽化率分别比对照降低14.67%和18.67%,而两种植物提取物和其余药剂无显著影响;鱼藤精和印楝素乳油处理后,蚜茧蜂寄生蚜虫的效能明显降低,而机油乳剂和两种植物提取物对蚜茧蜂的寄生作用无明显影响。可以看出,目前使用的一些天然源药剂虽然对害虫有较好的控制作用,但在害虫天敌的某些生长期,其仍存在不利影响,因此应根据田间害虫和天敌的发生情况和不同发育期,有选择性地合理用药;同时,筛选对害虫特异性强,对害虫天敌不利影响小的作用物质,是当前乃至将来筛选和应用天然源物质的目标。 The research interest in pesticides derived from natural products has recently increased because of their compatibility with the environment. However, to be effective natural product pesticides need to be active against target pests while having no adverse effect on natural enemies. Plant extracts from two plant species (Xanthium sibiricum Petr. et Widd. and Syngonium podophyllum Schott) were selected for this study from a screening of 63 species against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) on vegetables. The effects of X. sibiricum and S. podophyllum extracts as well as Beta-Cypermethrin EC, Azadirachtin EC, Avermectin EC, Petroleum spray oil and Rotenone on survival, emergence and parasitism of the aphid parasitoids Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead and Diaeretiella rapae M'Intosh were investigated in laboratory studies. The toxicity sequence of pesticides to adult parasitoids was 4.5% Beta-Cypermethrin EC (3000×)>0.3% Azadirachtin EC (2000×)>0.6% Avermectin EC (2000×)> rotenone (800×). Adult mortality in the remaining treatments, Petroleum spray oils ^(400×), X. sibiricum extract (0.04gDW/ml) and S. podophyllum extract (0.04gDW/ml) did not differ significantly from the control. However, for 0.3% Azadirachtin EC and Petroleum spray oil, the emergence rate of the parasitoids was reduced by 14.67% and 18.67% compared to the control. The parasitism of aphid parasitoids was reduced by treatment with 2.5% rotenone (800×) and 0.3% Azadirachtin EC (2000×) while the plant extracts and Petroleum spray oil had no adverse effect on parasitism. Results indicated that alcohol extracts of X. sibiricum and S. podophyllum were safe for the aphid parasitoids tested. Azadirachtin EC and Petroleum spray oil could also be used in an aphid control program if applications were carefully timed to avoid emergence of parasitoids.

关 键 词： 植物提取物 药剂 蚜茧蜂 存活率 羽化率 寄生作用

领　　域： [生物学] [生物学] [生物学]